There's a lot of documentation on this in the commit itself, but this stems
from
a) frustration with trying to understand how the system needs to operate
with all of the objects involved; and
b) recognizing that if I'm having difficulty, then others reading the
system later on (including myself) and possibly looking to improve upon
it are going to have a whole lot of trouble.
Identifier scope is something I've been mulling over for years, and more
formally for the past couple of months. This finally begins to formalize
that, out of frustration with package imports. But it will be a weight
lifted off of me as well, with issues of scope always looming.
This demonstrates a declarative means of testing for scope by scanning the
entire graph in tests to determine where an identifier has been
scoped. Since no such scoping has been implemented yet, the tests
demonstrate how they will look, but otherwise just test for current
behavior. There is more existing behavior to check, and further there will
be _references_ to check, as they'll also leave a trail of scope indexing
behind as part of the resolution process.
See the documentation introduced by this commit for more information on
that part of this commit.
Introducing the graph scanning, with the ASG's static assurances, required
more lowering of dynamic types into the static types required by the
API. This was itself a confusing challenge that, while not all that bad in
retrospect, was something that I initially had some trouble with. The
documentation includes clarifying remarks that hopefully make it all
understandable.
DEV-13162
This requires the name as part of the package definition, which in turn
removes a state (and all the combinations resulting from it) from
AirAggregate, which results in significant complexity reduction for a very
complex part of the system.
Pushing this complexity outward results in a reduction of overall
complexity, and obviates the question of where NIR will receive a generated
name.
DEV-13162
This reverts commit da7fe96254e425bc7b75f8cf454465b71e27e372.
I'm a fool---this would be pursuant to a future plan that removes AirIdent
opaque tokens. But for now, I need it on IdentDecl and others, which
currently has a `Source` (that I want to go away, as just mentioned), which
contains the same information.
So maybe more to come on this...
DEV-13162
This allows for a canonical package name to be optionally provided to
explicitly resolve a reference against, avoiding a lexical lookup.
This change doesn't actually utilize this new value yet; it just
retains BC. The new argument will be used for the linker, since it already
knows the package that defined an identifier while reading the object file's
symbol table. It will also be used by tamec for the same purposes while
processing package imports.
DEV-13162
-- squashed with --
tamer: asg::air::ir::RefIdent: CanonicalName=SPair
The use of CanonicalName created an asymmetry between RefIdent and
BindIdent. The hope was to move CanonicalName instantiation outside of AIR
and into NIR, but doing so would be confusing and awkward without doing
something with BindIdent.
I don't have the time to deal with that for now, so let's observe how the
system continues to evolve and see whether hoisting it out makes sense in the
end. For now, this works just fine and I need to move on with the actual
goal of finishing package imports so that I can expand templates.
DEV-13162
This change requires every package to have a canonical name, and performs
namespec canonicalization on imports.
Since all package names are canonicalized, this opens the door to being able
to index package names at import, allowing the object to be shared on the
graph and properly reference a package after it has been resolved.
Note that the system tests' canonicalization is relative to the hard-coded
`/TODO` presently; that will change in the near future once `tamec`
generates names from the provided path.
DEV-13162
NOTE: This temporarily breaks `tameld`. It is fixed in a future commit when
names are bound. This was an oversight when breaking apart changes into
separate commits, because the linker does not yet have system tests like
tamec does.
This is preparing for a full transition to requiring a canonical package
name. The previous `Unnamed` variant has been removed and `AirAggregate`
will provide a default `WS_EMPTY` name, as `Pkg` had done before.
The intent of this change is to allow for consulting the index before a
new `Pkg` object is created on the graph, but we're not quite ready for that
yet.
Well, that's not entirely true---the linker can be ready for that. But the
compiler needs to canonicalize import paths relative to the active package
canonical name, which it can't even do yet because tamec isn't generating a
name.
So maybe the linker will be first; it's useful to have that in a separate
commit anyway to emphasize the change.
DEV-13162
The previous commit introduced canonical names, and this uses them to index.
The next step will be to utilize those names to look up packages on
definition rather than creating a new package node, so that references to
yet-to-be-defined (or yet-to-be-imported) packages can be resolved on the
graph.
DEV-13162
This is already a concept in the XSLT-based compiler, where each package has
a `package/@name` generated from its path. The same will happen with tamec.
Before we can load packages into the graph, we need canonical identifiers so
that they can be indexed. The next commit will handle indexing using this
information.
DEV-13162
This modifies the xmlo reader, xmlo->AIR lowering, and AIR->ASG to introduce
a package for identifiers. It does not yet, however, add edges from the
package to the identifier.
Once edges are added, the DFS will change in undesirable ways, which will
require a new implementation. This is desirable to decouple from Petgraph
anyway, and then will be able to restore the prior single-pass sort+cycle
check.
That will also encapsulate visiting behavior within the `asg::graph` module
and, in turn, allow encapsulating `Asg.graph` finally.
DEV-13162
Historically, the ASG was better described as a "dependency graph",
containing only identifiers (which are simply called "symbols" in the
XSLT-based compiler). Consequently, it was appropriate for the graph to
have operations specific to identifiers. (Indeed, that's the only type of
object the graph supported.)
Much has changed since then. This cleans things up, and makes parenting
identifiers to root an _explicit_ operation. This will make it easier to
move forward with handling of scope, and importing identifiers into
packages, and removing `Source`, and so on.
DEV-13162
I've been torturing myself trying to figure out how I want to generalize
indexing, lookups, and value numbering in a way that is appropriate for this
project (that is, not over-engineered relative to my needs).
Before I can do much of anything, though, I need to stop having indexing
only as a `Root` thing (previously it wasn't even tied to `Root`). This
makes that change for tamec, but temporarily removes scoping concerns until
I can add more specific types of indexing.
Not only does this allow cleaning up some `Ident`-specific stuff from `Asg`,
but the cleanup also helps to show that portions of the system aren't still
using Root-based globals.
The linker (`tameld`) still uses the old `global` methods for now; those
will eventually go away, but this needs to change to unify both tamec and
tameld once we get to imports as part of the compiler.
DEV-13162
This supports arbitrary documentation as sibling text (mixed content, in XML
terms). The motivation behind this change is to permit existing system
tests to succeed when `Todo | TodoAttr` are both rejected, rather than
having to ignore this.
TAME has always had a philosophy of literate documentation, however it was
never fully realized. This just maintains the status quo; the text is
unstructured, and maybe will be parsed in the future.
Unfortunately, this does _not_ include the output in the `xmli` file or the
system tests. The reason has nothing to do with TAMER---`xmllint` does not
format the output when there is mixed content, it seems, and I need to move
on for now; I'll consider my options in the future. But, it's available on
the graph and ready to go.
DEV-13708
This doesn't do the actual hard work yet of resolving and loading a package,
but it does place it on the graph and re-derive it into the xmli output.
DEV-13708
Identifier lookups, as done using the graph methods today, look up from a
cache representing the global environment.
Templates must not contribute to this environment until expansion. Further,
metavariables will not be present in this environment. To avoid confusion
and help obviate accidental contributions to this environment, the methods
have been renamed. This will also allow for the creation of more general
methods down the line.
DEV-13708
See the Air docblock for more information. I'm introducing new tokens for
the template system, which uses the terms "free" and "closed". I prefer
open/close for delimiters, as I've expressed elsewhere, but unfortunately it
conflicts too much (and too confusingly) with other standard terminology as
we get more into the formal side of the language.
DEV-13708
This is more of the same refactoring that has been happening. This
extraction also helps emphasize the relationship between imported objects,
and isolates the growing number of test cases. This parser will only grow.
DEV-13708
Just as was done with the expression parser, which this will utilize. This
initializes it, but doesn't yet make use of it (`AirExprAggregate`).
Refactoring was definitely needed; decomposing this is quite a bit of work,
in no small part because of the complexity. This helps significantly.
DEV-13708
This delegates expression parsing to `AirExprAggregate`, in an effort to
both begin to simplify the understanding and maintenance of `AirAggregate`;
and allow for parser composition for template parsing.
This utilizes the prior changes for token sum types to precisely define the
subset of AIR tokens supported by the expression parser. This differs from
prior approaches which delegated until a dead state, relying on runtime
information to determine if a parser has finished. This allows us to
determine that statically.
I do want to be able to eliminate the dead state from the parser so we can
get rid of the `unreachable!`, but I need to move on; that's something I had
tried to do in the past too, which ended up adding a bit of complexity, and
I'll have to consider my options in the future, including whether the dead
state transition can be entirely eliminated in favor of the combination of
these sum types and recovery; the parsing framework decisions were made
while recovery was still an open question, at least in practice.
DEV-13708
This introduces a new macro `sum_ir!` to help with a long-standing problem
of not being able to easily narrow types in Rust without a whole lot of
boilerplate. This patch includes a bit of documentation, so see that for
more information.
This was not a welcome change---I jumped down this rabbit hole trying to
decompose `AirAggregate` so that I can share portions of parsing with the
current parser and a template parser. I can now proceed with that.
This is not the only implementation that I had tried. I previously inverted
the approach, as I've been doing manually for some time: manually create
types to hold the sets of variants, and then create a sum type to hold those
types. That works, but it resulted in a mess for systems that have to use
the IR, since now you have two enums to contend with. I didn't find that to
be appropriate, because we shouldn't complicate the external API for
implementation details.
The enum for IRs is supposed to be like a bytecode---a list of operations
that can be performed with the IR. They can be grouped if it makes sense
for a public API, but in my case, I only wanted subsets for the sake of
delegating responsibilities to smaller subsystems, while retaining the
context that `match` provides via its exhaustiveness checking but does not
expose as something concrete (which is deeply frustrating!).
Anyway, here we are; this'll be refined over time, hopefully, and
portions of it can be generalized for removing boilerplate from other IRs.
Another thing to note is that this syntax is really a compromise---I had to
move on, and I was spending too much time trying to get creative with
`macro_rules!`. It isn't the best, and it doesn't seem very Rust-like in
some places and is therefore not necessarily all that intuitive. This can
be refined further in the future. But the end result, all things
considered, isn't too bad.
DEV-13708
This sets the stage for template parsing, and finally decides how we're
going to represent templates on the ASG. This is going to start simple,
since my original plans for improving how templates are
handled (conceptually) is going to have to wait.
This is the last difficult object type to figure out, with respect to graph
representation and derivation, so I wanted to get it out of the way.
DEV-13708
I wasn't initially sure whether I'd want separate tokens for different types
of identifying operations, but now that I see that it is clear from the
current state of the parser, there's no need.
This matches the name of the token in NIR.
DEV-13708
The `Pkg` span will now properly reflect the entire definition of the
package including the opening and closing tags.
This was found while I was working on a graph traversal.
DEV-13597
I noticed this while working on a graph traversal. The unit test used the
same span for both the reference _and_ the binding, so I didn't notice. -_-
The problem with this, though, is that we do not have a separate span
representing the source location of the identifier reference. The reason is
that we decided to re-use an existing node rather than creating another one,
which would add another inconvenient layer of indirection (and complexity).
So, I may have to add (optional?) spans to edges.
DEV-13708
This introduces the concept of ontological cross edges.
The term "cross edge" is most often seen in the context of graph traversals,
e.g. the trees formed by a depth-first search. This, however, refers to the
trees that are inherent in the ontology of the graph.
For example, an `ExprRef` will produce a cross edge to the referenced
`Ident`, that that is a different tree than the current expression. (Well,
I suppose technically it _could_ be a back edge, but then that'd be a cycle
which would fail the process once we get to preventing it. So let's ignore
that for now.)
DEV-13708
This causes a package definition to be rooted (so that it can be easily
accessed for a graph walk). This keeps consistent with the new
`ObjectIndex`-based API by introducing a unit `Root` `ObjectKind` and the
boilerplate that goes with it.
This boilerplate, now glaringly obvious, will be refactored at some point,
since its repetition is onerous and distracting.
DEV-13159
Included in this diff are the corresponding changes to the graph to support
the change. Adding the edge was easy, but we also need a way to get the
package for an identifier. The easiest way to do that is to modify the edge
weight to include not just the target node type, but also the source.
DEV-13159
This does not yet create edges from identifiers to the package; just getting
this introduced was quite a bit of work, so I want to get this committed.
Note that this also includes a change to NIR so that `Close` contains the
entity so that we can pattern-match for AIR transformations rather than
retaining yet another stack with checks that are already going to be done by
AIR. This makes NIR stand less on its own from a self-validation point, but
that's okay, given that it's the language that the user entered and,
conceptually, they could enter invalid NIR the same as they enter invalid
XML (e.g. from a REPL).
In _practice_, of course, NIR is lowered from XML and the schema is enforced
during that lowering and so the validation does exist as part of that
parsing.
These concessions speak more to the verbosity of the language (Rust) than
anything.
DEV-13159
This adds support for identifier references, adding `Ident` as a valid edge
type for `Expr`.
There is nothing in the system yet to enforce ontology through levels of
indirection; that will come later on.
I'm testing these changes with a very minimal NIR parse, which I'll commit
shortly.
DEV-13597
This allows for edges to be multiple types, and gives us two important
benefits:
(a) Compiler-verified correctness to ensure that we don't generate graphs
that do not adhere to the ontology; and
(b) Runtime verification of types, so that bugs are still memory safe.
There is a lot more information in the documentation within the patch.
This took a lot of iterating to get something that was tolerable. There's
quite a bit of boilerplate here, and maybe that'll be abstracted away better
in the future as the graph grows.
In particular, it was challenging to determine how I wanted to actually go
about narrowing and looking up edges. Initially I had hoped to represent
the subsets as `ObjectKind`s as well so that you could use them anywhere
`ObjectKind` was expected, but that proved to be far too difficult because I
cannot return a reference to a subset of `Object` (the value would be owned
on generation). And while in a language like C maybe I'd pad structures and
cast between them safely, since they _do_ overlap, I can't confidently do
that here since Rust's discriminant and layout are not under my control.
I tried playing around with `std::mem::Discriminant` as well, but
`discriminant` (the function) requires a _value_, meaning I couldn't get the
discriminant of a static `Object` variant without some dummy value; wasn't
worth it over `ObjectRelTy.` We further can't assign values to enum
variants unless they hold no data. Rust a decade from now may be different
and will be interesting to look back on this struggle.
DEV-13597
The ASG delegates certain operations to Objects so that they may enforce
their own invariants and ontology. It is therefore important that only
objects have access to certain methods on `Asg`, otherwise those invariants
could be circumvented.
It should be noted that the nesting of this module is such that AIR should
_not_ have privileged access to the ASG---it too must utilize objects to
ensure those invariants are enforced in a single place.
DEV-13597
This provides the initial implementation allowing an identifier to be
defined (bound to an object and made transparent).
I'm not yet entirely sure whether I'll stick with the "transparent" and
"opaque" terminology when there's also "declare" and "define", but a
`Missing` state is a type of declaration and so the distinction does still
seem to be important.
There is still work to be done on `ObjectIndex::<Ident>::bind_definition`,
which will follow. I'm going to be balancing work to provide type-level
guarantees, since I don't have the time to go as far as I'd like.
DEV-13597
This seems to have been an oversight from when I recently introduced SPairs
to ASG; I noticed it while working on another change and receiving back a
`DUMMY_SPAN`.
DEV-13597
This introduces a number of abstractions, whose concepts are not fully
documented yet since I want to see how it evolves in practice first.
This introduces the concept of edge ontology (similar to a schema) using the
type system. Even though we are not able to determine what the graph will
look like statically---since that's determined by data fed to us at
runtime---we _can_ ensure that the code _producing_ the graph from those
data will produce a graph that adheres to its ontology.
Because of the typed `ObjectIndex`, we're also able to implement operations
that are specific to the type of object that we're operating on. Though,
since the type is not (yet?) stored on the edge itself, it is possible to
walk the graph without looking at node weights (the `ObjectContainer`) and
therefore avoid panics for invalid type assumptions, which is bad, but I
don't think that'll happen in practice, since we'll want to be resolving
nodes at some point. But I'll addres that more in the future.
Another thing to note is that walking edges is only done in tests right now,
and so there's no filtering or anything; once there are nodes (if there are
nodes) that allow for different outgoing edge types, we'll almost certainly
want filtering as well, rather than panicing. We'll also want to be able to
query for any object type, but filter only to what's permitted by the
ontology.
DEV-13160
This addresses the two outstanding `todo!` match arms representing errors in
lowering expressions into the graph. As noted in the comments, these errors
are unlikely to be hit when using TAME in the traditional way, since
e.g. XIR and NIR are going to catch the equivalent problems within their own
contexts (unbalanced tags and a valid expression grammar respectively).
_But_, the IR does need to stand on its own, and I further hope that some
tooling maybe can interact more directly with AIR in the future.
DEV-13160
This introduces a number of concepts together, again to demonstrate that
they were derived.
This introduces support for nested expressions, extending the previous
work. It also supports error recovery for dangling expressions.
The parser states are a mess; there is a lot of duplicate code here that
needs refactoring, but I wanted to commit this first at a known-good state
so that the diff will demonstrate the need for the change that will
follow; the opportunities for abstraction are plainly visible.
The immutable stack introduced here could be generalized, if needed, in the
future.
Another important note is that Rust optimizes away the `memcpy`s for the
stack that was introduced here. The initial Parser Context was introduced
because of `ArrayVec` inhibiting that elision, but Vec never had that
problem. In the future, I may choose to go back and remove ArrayVec, but I
had wanted to keep memory allocation out of the picture as much as possible
to make the disassembly and call graph easier to reason about and to have
confidence that optimizations were being performed as intended.
With that said---it _should_ be eliding in tamec, since we're not doing
anything meaningful yet with the graph. It does also elide in tameld, but
it's possible that Rust recognizes that those code paths are never taken
because tameld does nothing with expressions. So I'll have to monitor this
as I progress and adjust accordingly; it's possible a future commit will
call BS on everything I just said.
Of course, the counter-point to that is that Rust is optimizing them away
anyway, but Vec _does_ still require allocation; I was hoping to keep such
allocation at the fringes. But another counter-point is that it _still_ is
allocated at the fringe, when the context is initialized for the parser as
part of the lowering pipeline. But I didn't know how that would all come
together back then.
...alright, enough rambling.
DEV-13160
This uses `ObjectIndex` to automatically narrow the type to what is
expected.
Given that `ObjectIndex` is supposed to mean that there must be an object
with that index, perhaps the next step is to remove the `Option` from `get`
as well.
DEV-13160
This begins to place expressions on the graph---something that I've been
thinking about for a couple of years now, so it's interesting to finally be
doing it.
This is going to evolve; I want to get some things committed so that it's
clear how I'm moving forward. The ASG makes things a bit awkward for a
number of reasons:
1. I'm dealing with older code where I had a different model of doing
things;
2. It's mutable, rather than the mostly-functional lowering pipeline;
3. We're dealing with an aggregate ever-evolving blob of data (the graph)
rather than a stream of tokens; and
4. We don't have as many type guarantees.
I've shown with the lowering pipeline that I'm able to take a mutable
reference and convert it into something that's both functional and
performant, where I remove it from its container (an `Option`), create a new
version of it, and place it back. Rust is able to optimize away the memcpys
and such and just directly manipulate the underlying value, which is often a
register with all of the inlining.
_But_ this is a different scenario now. The lowering pipeline has a narrow
context. The graph has to keep hitting memory. So we'll see how this
goes. But it's most important to get this working and measure how it
performs; I'm not trying to prematurely optimize. My attempts right now are
for the way that I wish to develop.
Speaking to #4 above, it also sucks that I'm not able to type the
relationships between nodes on the graph. Rather, it's not that I _can't_,
but a project to created a typed graph library is beyond the scope of this
work and would take far too much time. I'll leave that to a personal,
non-work project. Instead, I'm going to have to narrow the type any time
the graph is accessed. And while that sucks, I'm going to do my best to
encapsulate those details to make it as seamless as possible API-wise. The
performance hit of performing the narrowing I'm hoping will be very small
relative to all the business logic going on (a single cache miss is bound to
be far more expensive than many narrowings which are just integer
comparisons and branching)...but we'll see. Introducing branching sucks,
but branch prediction is pretty damn good in modern CPUs.
DEV-13160
This ASG implementation is a refactored form of original code from the
proof-of-concept linker, which was well before the span and diagnostic
implementations, and well before I knew for certain how I was going to solve
that problem.
This was quite the pain in the ass, but introduces spans to the AIR tokens
and graph so that we always have useful diagnostic information. With that
said, there are some important things to note:
1. Linker spans will originate from the `xmlo` files until we persist
spans to those object files during `tamec`'s compilation. But it's
better than nothing.
2. Some additional refactoring is still needed for consistency, e.g. use
of `SPair`.
3. This is just a preliminary introduction. More refactoring will come as
tamec is continued.
DEV-13041
Mike Gerwitz